HIGH-OUTPUT STATES
If the circulatory system cannot meet a heightened demand for oxygen, high-output cardiac failure is said to’occur. In high-output states, the heart must pump abnormally large volumes of blood, and the myocardial failure that ensues is similar to that caused by regurgitant valvular lesions. Disease entities associated with high-output heart failure include severe anemia, hyperthyroidism, systemic arteriovenous fistulae and other left-to-right shunts, e.g., patent ductus arteriosus, beriberi heart disease (vitamin Bi deficiency), and Pag-et’s disease. Increased workloads on the normal heart usually do not result in cardiac failure (e.g.,pregnancy, hepatic and renal disease, pulmonary disease, and obesity); however, if superimposed on pre-existing heart disease, high-output failure can occur in these conditions.
Symptoms and signs of pulmonary and systemic congestion are similar to those found in patients with low-output congestive heart failure. Because of the increased stroke volume, decreased peripheral vascular resistance, and increased rate of ejection, the pulses are bounding, with a rapid upstroke and a wide pulse pressure. Physical signs of the underlying process should be sought. Treatment involves the treatment of the etiological disorder.
- NONPHARMACOLOQICAL MANAGEMENT OF HEART FAILURE
- ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY
- SHOCK
- CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSE TO EXERCISE
- GROSS ANATOMY
- MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE PULMONARY EDEMA
- PHYSIOLOGY OF THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION
- PHYSIOLOGY OF THE CORONARY CIRCULATION
- CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
- CIRCULATORY PHYSIOLOGY
- PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
- EVALUATION OF THE PATIENT WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
- SYMPATHOMIMETIC AMINES
- ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT
- MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY
- HIGH-OUTPUT STATES
- ACYATJOTIC LESIONS
- PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS
- CARDIAC DEVELOPMENT
- VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT
- MYOCARDIAL METABOLISM